They should be taken with extreme caution since intensity and thus ground effects depend not only on the magnitude but also on the distance to the epicenter, the depth of the earthquake's focus beneath the epicenter, the location of the epicenter, and geological conditions (certain terrains can amplify seismic signals).
On top of this, seismological networks vary on how they measure seismograms. "Rapid determination of the energy magnitude Me," in Rivera, L. & Kanamori, H., 2008. Where the details of how a magnitude has been determined are unknown, catalogs will specify the scale as harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFGutenbergRichter1956 ( harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFHanksKanamori1979 (The "USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy" for reporting earthquake magnitudes to the public as formulated by the harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBormannLiuRenGutdeutsch2007 (The IASPEI standard formula for deriving moment magnitude from seismic moment is On the other hand, great earthquakes occur once a year, on average. Prior to the development of the magnitude scale, the only measure of an earthquake's strength or "size" was a subjective assessment of the intensity of shaking observed near the To produce a practical method of assigning an absolute measure of magnitude required additional developments. Other scales have been used without a definite name, often referred to as "the method of Smith (1965)" (or similar language), with the authors often revising their method. Examples of magnitude calculations using the AS-1 online magnitude calculator and the AmaSeis time and amplitude measuring tool are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. K values in the range of 12 to 15 correspond approximately to M 4.5 to 6.Earthquakes that generate tsunamis generally rupture relatively slowly, delivering more energy at longer periods (lower frequencies) than generally used for measuring magnitudes. The scale was replaced in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale (MMS, symbol Mw ); for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale, numerical values are approximately the same. Tectonic earthquakes can range in size from magnitudes less than zero, resulting from fault slippage of a few centimetres, to the largest events (magnitude greater than 9), where fault displacements are on the order of many metres. This article is about the original scale introduced by Charles Richter in 1935. One of these is based on the long period P-wave;The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the where A is the maximum excursion of the Wood–Anderson seismograph, the empirical function ABecause of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; in terms of energy, each whole number increase corresponds to an increase of about 31.6 times the amount of energy released, and each increase of 0.2 corresponds to approximately a doubling of the energy released.
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