The presidentâs writers prepared six drafts of the speech before the final version was set for the teleprompter feed that Johnson used to read his televised remarks that evening. The liberals simply rebelled, accusing Dirksen of watering down the House-passed bill. 1933), chairman of the U.S. As the roll call ended, there was just one more quiet moment of drama. Given this political legacy, it is often said that Smith may have added his amendment as a means of weakening and dividing the political coalition behind the Civil Rights Act. 11). That morning, he informed Hubert Humphrey that the prospects for cloture were not good. Public Accommodations and the Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Surprising Success? After the Supreme Courtâs decision in Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj173On March 30, the Senate began formal debate on H.R. On March 19, he suggested that this referral would give the Senate time to consider a coffee bill that would help in Latin-American relations. Facsimile. 1962) for the Civil Rights History Project in 2011.Civil Rights History Project Collection (AFC 2010/039), Richard Russell (1897–1971) was born in Winder, Georgia. 1945) for the National Visionary Leadership Project in 2006.National Visionary Leadership Collection (AFC 2004/007), On November 20, 1963, the civil rights bill was referred to the House Rules Committee.
Typed letter. 7152 on January 30. We will need every vote that we can get.âSenator Wayne Morse (D-OR) (1900–1974), filed a motion to send H.R. He played pivotal roles in the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and legislation for President Johnsonâs Great Society program. Throughout the winter and spring of 1964, Johnson applied his formidable legislative acumen and skills to push the bill through Congress. Senator Harry Byrd (D-VA) disparagingly dubbed the inseparable and indefatigable partners the âGold Dust Twins,â referring to the picture of the trademark African American twins on the label of Fairbankâs Gold Dust Washing Powder products. Senators Humphrey and Dirksen did not have the sixty-seven votes required for cloture without Hickenlooperâs cooperation. Dirksen’s substitute quickly gained support from key representatives in the House, particularly from Ohio representative Mansfield’s Democratic caucus had 67 members in 1964, but barely 40 expressed strong support for cloture. The Morton amendment was adopted; the others were defeated.Clarence Mitchell to Roy, June 2, 1964. . Motion to Proceed in Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj202On January 21, 1964, President Johnson met with Clarence Mitchell and Joseph Rauh to discuss legislative strategy. Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj189Civil rights activist Gwendolyn Simmons (b. “We haven’t weakened this bill one damn bit; in fact in some places we’ve improved it.” In mid-May both party caucuses began discussing Dirksen’s revised bill. Typed letter. To invoke cloture on the civil rights bill, Democratic proponents of the bill needed strong Republican support. Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Records, Bookmark this item: //www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-act-of-1964.html#obj259 They ended the filibuster on March 25 to avoid an early cloture vote.Clarence Mitchell to Roy Wilkins, March 12, 1964. They also recognized that the support of Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (R-IL) (1896–1969) was key to securing the minimum twenty-five Republican votes needed to achieve cloture.Joseph Rauh. He graduated from the University of Southern California in 1932 and the universityâs law school in 1937. In exchange for a vote on the amendments, Humphrey gained three Republican votes for cloture—Karl Mundt of South Dakota, The clocked ticked away on the cloture motion as the Senate addressed Hickenlooper’s package of amendments. Typed letter.
In 1961, he was elected Democratic whip. 1938) worked for the Protestant Council of the City of New York. Rep. Howard W. Smith (1883–1976) of Virginia, chairman of the Rules Committee, discusses his opinion of the bill in an interview with Robert Novak for Lawyer Clifford Alexander, Jr., (b. The Civil Rights Act, he said, provides that âthose who are equal before God shall now all be equalâ in all aspects of American life. The Rules Committee finally cleared H.R.
White House Memorandum, July 6, 1964. By comparison to the cloture vote, final passage of the bill was anticlimactic, but it marked a new era in American history. It was withdrawn in favor of one by Senator Thruston Morton (R-KY) requiring a jury trial for any criminal contempt case arising from H.R.
Senator Richard Russell (D-GA) divided the senators opposing the bill, known as the Southern bloc, into three six-member platoons to prolong the filibuster. “That’s it,” exclaimed Mike Mansfield in a break from his usual taciturn demeanor.
He was appointed to the U.S. Senate in 1952 by his mentor, Governor Earl Warren, to fill the seat vacated by Richard Nixon, who had been elected vice president. Equal Emplyment Opportunity Commission (1967–1968), explains the meaning of the Civil Rights Act and how both blacks and whites in government pushed for change in an interview conducted by Camille O. Cosby (b. . Cloture had been invoked.
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