Ponerinae: Ponera pennsylvanica: Figure 7.
Ponerinae: Ponera pennsylvanica: Figure 4. 1984: 5 (karyology); Imai, et al.
12.
However, the key of Bolton (1994) is technical, and requires some knowledge of taxonomic descriptions. , 3.
1998: 121 (cloacal gland); Perrault, 1999: 125 (thoracic anatomy); Perrault, 2004: 291 (anterior metasomal anatomy); Keller, 2011: 1 (phylogenetic analysis of morphology); Keller, et al. 1.
�h��K��8cK���H�0�a��B���ҍ�?R��+����5�q�ԄV͇9](��tpa]��t�^�m�|a��^���! (2010), which operationalized several coxal characters. Formicidae (ants) range in size from 0.75 to 52 mm (0.030 to 2.0 in) and vary in color. 1918c: 293 (larvae); Janet, 1923: 5 (anatomical drawings synopsis); Bugnion, 1930: 85 (mouthparts); Brown & Nutting, 1950: 113 (venation); Gregg, 1953a: 328 (promesonotal suture motility); Eisner, 1957: 439 (proventriculus); Gotwald, 1969: 1 (mouthparts and gaster); Crozier, 1970: 109 (karyology); Markl, 1973: 258 (stridulitrum); Wheeler, G.C.
4.
1981: 386 (Formicidae subfamilies); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 33 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 1990c: 1361 (Formicidae subfamilies); Shattuck, 1992c: 20 (Dolichoderinae genera); Ward, 1990: 464 (Pseudomyrmecinae genera); Brothers & Finnamore, 1993: 218 (Formicidae subfamilies); Bolton, 1994: 7 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 2003: 11 (Formicidae subfamilies); Boudinot, 2015: 14 (Formicidae subfamilies, males); Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 28, 60, 128 (Afrotropical and Malagasy subfamilies key, Afrotropical genera key, Malagsy genera key). 1987a: 1, and Taylor, R.W.
Emery, 1896e: 173 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Emery, 1910b: 4 (Dorylinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1911d: 4 (Ponerinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1913a: 6 (Dolichoderinae tribes and genera); Escherich, 1917: 2 (Formicidae subfamilies); Emery, 1921f: 9, 12, 16 (Myrmicinae tribes and genera); Wheeler, W.M. General Introduction. For no-taxonomist, a more user-friendly and pictorial identification key to ant genera is need.
Infrabuccal sac present between labium and hypopharynx (note 1). Jugal lobe present or absent; abdominal sternum IX may be complex and modified apically (including prongs, teeth, and lobes). Several previously unreported synapomorphies exist for the family, including a suite of adaptations for terrestrial locomotion (characters 6 and 7).
The pterostigma is lost in most Leptanillinae, some myrmicine genera, and some species of Leptomyrmex (Dolichoderinae). In non-formicid Aculeata (including Apoidea, Scoliidae, and Bradynobaenidae s. Other †Sphecomyrma species have more posteriorly situated spiracles which are clearly situated laterally (Wilson 1985; Engel & Grimaldi 2005). %PDF-1.1
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The “low and lateral” propodeal spiracle placement may also be an adaptation for terrestrial locomotion, as it may reduce the distance oxygen would need to diffuse to leg locomotor muscles.
Wheeler, W.M.
, 5.
str., and Chyphotidae. Head capsule prognathous (worker, gyne) (note 1).
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