guide to map projections

These lines are the same as in the Mercator above, but the projection changes their appearance.When a projection preserves great circle routes as straight lines, we call it an If you skim through the example images above, you may notice that, as a general trend, distortions tend to get worse and worse as you get near the edges of the map.

If the map you’re making requires that you preserve something specific like area, a compromise projection won’t meet your needs.Since there are so very many projections, the question becomes: which one should you use? When a projection preserves distance, we call it New York City and Istanbul are on nearly the same line of latitude, about 41ºN. But on an Equirectangular projection, both of those trips looks like they’re the same length, because this is a projection that does not preserve distance. As an example, on the Azimuthal Equidistant above, Australia’s shape gets distorted heavily, but the British Isles look fine. Be aware that this projection is widely considered inappropriate for many kinds of thematic mapping for anything larger than local areas, so be careful, and avoid Mercator outside those web environments. That means that if you head due east on a straight line from New York, you’ll reach Istanbul. It’s impossible to flatten the Earth without distorting it in some fashion. We call these curved shortest-distance paths Some projections, like the Mercator above, show loxodromes as straight lines. Compromise projections spread the distortion more evenly throughout the world, but if you’re not showing the whole world, you don’t need to make the low-distortion areas of the map worse just so the high-distortion areas (which are off the edge of your map) are better.Compromise projections don’t preserve areas or forms or distances, but they get close on all of them. This projection does not preserve the “look” or the “form” of places. We do this by adjusting the parameters of the projection. What all this means is that we are most worried about distortions when we are doing things like mapping the world, and less when we are mapping smaller areas like cities or states.To solve the problem of world maps having such severe distortions at the edges, people have come up with compromise projections. Pin one end to New York and one to Istanbul, and pull the string taut. The shape changes some, and parts of the island get larger or smaller, but they all have the same general form, even if they aren’t exactly alike. Because the Earth’s surface is curved, the shortest paths around it are curved, too. By adjusting this parameter, we can make sure that when we use a projection, it’s properly adjusted to show the area we want to map with minimal distortion.Different projections have different parameters that you’ll need to specify based on their mathematical workings, which we’ll leave behind the scenes for now. The Stereographic projection is one of these.Now the straight line is the great circle, and the curved one is the loxodrome.

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guide to map projections

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