First, one cannot assume that the chemicals in the extracts, either from whole gaster or dissected glands, are the ones that are produced and deposited on the substrate by recruiting ants. Trail pheromones.
This variation might be due to physical nature of dolichodial and iridomyrmecin: previous laboratory studies indicated that small amounts of the dolichodial/iridomyrmecin mixture (i.e., one ant-equivalent obtained via solvent extraction) dissipate from surfaces within 40 minutes under ambient conditions We did not detect (Z)-9-hexadecenal in the recruitment trails of Argentine ants.
Recent research has revealed additional ways in which they help to regulate colony foraging, often via positive and negative feedback processes that influence the exploitation of the different resources that a colony has knowledge of.
This combined effect might explain, at least in part, why whole gaster extracts and synthetic (Z)-9-hexadecenal were different in their efficacies as a trail.
The test chemicals dissolved in methylene chloride (total 12 µl) were applied by evenly spotting the preparation over a pencil-drawn guideline with disposable glass pipettes. Number within a bar indicates total number of ants choosing the treated arm/total number of ants tested. The possibility of incorporating the dolichodial and iridomyrmecin in the ant control programs as trail disruptors warrant further study.The mechanism of secretion and deposition of dolichodial and iridomyrmecin by Argentine ant workers also requires further investigation.
(Z)-9-hexadecenal (not detected) would have eluted with retention time of 16.03 min. Because the introduction arm was the only part contacting the soil surface, ants typically traveled upward upon encountering the introduction arm, and subsequently made a choice at the junction of the three arms.
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Thus, pheromones are a means for organisms to communicate.
We repeated this bioassay 12 or 24 times for each chemical trail treatment (total 60 or 120 ants) in a blind manner (i.e., the examiner did not know which arm was treated with test chemicals).
60:581-599 (Volume publication date January 2015) After allowing 30 sec for the solvent to evaporate, the filter paper with artificial trail was placed in the foraging area of an large Argentine ant colony box (86×42×14 cm; containing 30–50 queens, brood, and 3,000–5,000 workers nesting in soil).
Bars with asterisks are significantly different from the solvent-only control (Chi-squared test with one-sided Dunnett-type test: α = 0.05). The Y-maze (with three arms 120° apart, 4.5 cm in length, and 5 mm in width) was cut from a filter paper disk (90 mm in diameter). (Left) North American monarch butterflies east of the Rocky Mountains (brown line) migrate long distanc...Figure 2: Sun compass and magnetic compass orientation in migrant monarchs.
Current address: Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
Once an ant reached the trail, we started videotaping the filter paper for 2 min until the trial was terminated.
Different chemicals were alternated between trials to insure all treatments were tested under similar activity level of the test colony.
Bioassays with standard dolichodial and iridomyrmecin confirmed that this mixture attracted workers and induced trail-following behavior. It also uses cookies for the purposes of performance measurement.
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